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:''This is a sub-article to Muhammad in Medina. According to al-Tabari in his ''History of the Prophets and Kings'', Muhammad decided after the Treaty of Hudaybiyyah to send letters to many rulers of the world, inviting them to Islam. Most critical scholars doubt this tradition, however.〔Gabriel Said Reynolds, ''The Emergence of Islam'' (Minneapolis: Fortress Press, 2012), p. 49.〕 Muhammad, according to the usually told Islamic historiography, sent ambassadors with such letters to Heraclius the Caesar of Byzantium, Chosroes II the Khosrau of Persia, the Negus of Ethiopia, Muqawqis the ruler of Egypt, Harith Gassani the governor of Syria, Munzir ibn Sawa and to the ruler of Bahrain.〔For example, Sigismund Koelle reports that "Ibn Ishak also mentions the names of nine different messengers who had to carry Mohammed’s letters to the following potentates: (1) to the Emperor of the Greeks; (2) to Chosroes, the king of Persia; (3) to Najashi, the prince of Abyssinia; (4) to Mokawkas, the prince of Alexandria; (5) to Jeifar and Iyaz, the princes of Oman; (6) to Thumama and Hawza, the princes of Yemama; (7) to Munzir, the prince of Bahrein; (8) to El Harith, the prince of the border districts of Syria; and (9) to the Himyarite Harith Ibn Abd Kulal, the prince of Yemen." Koelle, S. W. (1889). Mohammed and Mohammedanism Critically Considered (p. 194). London: Rivingtons.〕 ==To the Byzantine emperor== The text of the letter to Heraclius, as transmitted by Muslim historians, reads as follows: The letter to Chosroes II is similar except that it refers to Magians instead of the Arians. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Muhammad's letters to the Heads-of-State」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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